Kenya’s financial sector has evolved far beyond the regulatory architecture originally designed to supervise it.

What was once a neatly segmented ecosystem where banks are regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), capital markets by the Capital Markets Authority (CMA), insurance by the Insurance Regulatory Authority (IRA), retirement benefits by the Retirement Benefits Authority (RBA), and deposit-taking Saccos by the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority (SASRA), has transformed into an interconnected web of financial conglomerates offering multiple products across sectors under single corporate groups.

Today, banks distribute insurance products through bancassurance, manage unit trusts, operate investment banking subsidiaries, provide custodial services to pension schemes, and increasingly embed digital investment and credit platforms into their core offerings. Insurance firms manage collective investment schemes.

Saccos provide quasi-banking services while exploring investment and wealth products. Fintech firms blur the lines between payments, savings, credit, and asset management. The market has converged, but regulation remains fragmented.

Under the current model, a financial group operating across banking, insurance, pensions, and capital markets may answer to four or five regulators. Each regulator supervises a different legal entity within the same group.

While coordination frameworks exist, supervision remains siloed. Compliance requirements are duplicated. Interpretations can vary. More importantly, no single authority has a holistic view of the full risk profile of diversified financial conglomerates except in limited consolidated exercises primarily focused on banking.

Kenya must therefore confront a strategic question: should we consolidate our non-bank financial regulators into a single Financial Services Authority (FSA), while retaining the CBK as a standalone prudential and monetary authority?

A unified Financial Services Authority bringing together the CMA, IRA, RBA, SASRA and other non-bank oversight functions would place capital markets, insurance, pensions, Saccos and broader financial consumer protection under one umbrella. These would operate as specialized directorates within the FSA, preserving technical expertise while eliminating institutional fragmentation.

The CBK would remain independent, retaining its constitutional mandate over monetary policy, banking supervision, and payment systems stability, but would formally liaise with the FSA on cross-cutting areas such as bancassurance, investment products distributed through banks, and financial conglomerate oversight.

This approach reflects established global best practice.

The United Kingdom offers a compelling example. Following the global financial crisis, the UK adopted a “twin peaks” model in which the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), housed within the Bank of England, supervises prudential soundness of banks and major insurers, while the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) oversees market conduct and non-bank financial services.

The logic is clear. Systemic stability is closely tied to central banking functions, while conduct and market regulation can be unified in a separate authority.

Closer to home, South Africa transitioned to a similar twin-peaks system under its Financial Sector Regulation framework. The Prudential Authority, housed within the South African Reserve Bank, handles prudential supervision, while the Financial Sector Conduct Authority oversees conduct across banks, insurers, and market intermediaries.

This reform addressed overlapping financial conglomerates and strengthened consumer protection without compromising central bank independence.

Singapore presents another variant. The Monetary Authority of Singapore combines central banking and all financial regulation within a single institution. While highly effective, this model reflects Singapore’s unique governance context. For Kenya, maintaining the CBK’s autonomy while consolidating non-bank regulators may be more practical and feasible.

The case for reform in Kenya is compelling. Financial conglomerates now dominate the sector. Pension assets have grown significantly. Collective investment schemes are expanding. Saccos hold substantial deposits and play systemic roles in household finance. Meanwhile, fintech innovation continues to outpace regulatory silos.

Fragmentation creates three key risks.

First, regulatory arbitrage: firms may structure products to fall under the least stringent regulator. Second, supervisory blind spots: risks may migrate from banks into less supervised non-bank entities. Third, inefficiency: product approvals, licensing, and enforcement actions often require multiple regulatory engagements, slowing innovation and increasing compliance costs.

Bancassurance illustrates the problem. Banks supervised by the CBK distribute insurance products regulated by the IRA. Product approval, solvency oversight, and conduct supervision sit in different institutions.

Under a consolidated FSA, all insurance regulation, including bancassurance, would be managed within one framework, while the CBK would continue supervising the bank’s prudential health. Clear statutory coordination would eliminate duplication while ensuring no regulatory gaps.

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