September 2026

PSCA’s Annual 401(k) Survey

By PSCA PSCA's Annual Survey of Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plans, now in its sixth decade, offers the most comprehensive look at the defined contribution industry. The annual survey is used by plan sponsors to benchmark their plans and ensure they are meeting participants' needs and creating a competitive benefit. It is also used by advisors and providers to help plan sponsors evaluate their plans and by legislators and government officials when evaluating the impact of new regulations. Get the report...

The world’s largest pension funds 2026

By Thinking Ahead Institute The Global Top 300 Pension Funds is Thinking Ahead Institute’s annual deep-dive into the world’s largest pension funds, produced with Pensions & Investments. For well over two decades, it has served as a rare longitudinal record of how these giants are evolving, and what that means for the industry at large. Get the report here    

Pensions from Capital: How Pension Funds in the United States, Japan and Europe Invest -and What Private Investors Can Learn from Them

By Roland Rupprechter This paper examines the pension funds of the large industrial countries — with more than USD 68 trillion between them, the heaviest group of investors in the world. It compares how funded retirement provision is organised in the United States, in Japan and in Europe: how state, occupational and private provision differ, who grants which tax advantages to whom and at what level, and why equity quotas diverge so widely across regions — from 25 per cent...

July 2026

Retirement at Risk: The Political Economy of Public Pension Governance

By Allen Mendenhall & Dan Sutter State public pension systems manage over $6 trillion in assets while facing approximately $1.3 trillion in unfunded liabilities, raising fundamental questions about governance effectiveness and fiduciary accountability. This Article examines these challenges through the analytical framework of governance, applying insights from public choice, principal-agent models, and corporate governance to argue that details in implementation significantly impact outcomes. We offer Ohio's State Teachers Retirement System (STRS) as a case study. Recent governance reforms in Ohio-including...

2026 Annual Report

By PSP Investments PSP Investments closed fiscal 2026 with $320.6 billion in net assets under management, delivering a 6.5% one-year net return, and an 8.8% net annualized return over 10 years. Over the past decade, our diversified portfolio has generated $14.5 billion in cumulative net investment gains above the Reference Portfolio, a sustained track record that continues to strengthen the long-term funding position of the pension plans we support. In a year marked by heightened volatility and uncertainty, our portfolio...

May 2026

The Duty to Explain: Fiduciary Intelligibility Under ERISA

By Ian Edwards This Essay examines whether the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) contains an emerging principle of fiduciary intelligibility within its participant disclosure framework. ERISA requires Summary Plan Descriptions (“SPDs”) to be written in a manner “calculated to be understood by the average plan participant.” While modern pension disclosure has become increasingly sophisticated and financially technical, this Essay argues that administrative and financial disclosure are not necessarily equivalent to fiduciary intelligibility. The Essay does not propose a...

Zero-Trust Architecture for Multi-Tenant SaaS Platforms on AWS:A Practitioner Framework for Authentication, Authorisation, and KYC in Regulated Financial Services

By Alan Terriaga Multi-tenant Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platforms operating in regulated financial services face a unique intersection of security, compliance, and operational challenges that traditional perimeter-based architectures cannot adequately address. This paper presents a practitioner framework for implementing Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA) across all layers of an AWS-hosted SaaS application, with particular focus on the authentication, authorisation, and Know Your Customer (KYC) verification pipelines that underpin financial compliance obligations. Drawing on direct engineering delivery experience leading IAM systems in regulated multi-tenant environments, we...

Agency Costs Beyond Corporations: Evidence from Pension Funds

By Clemens Böhlen This paper examines the role of agency costs in pension fund performance. Grounded in corporate agency theory, it exploits institutional variation in a unique dataset on the Swiss pension system to assess how differences in monitoring incentives affect investment outcomes. Specifically, I examine the role of the sponsoring company and show that multi-employer funds underperform institutionally comparable single-employer funds by 25-31 basis points per year, in line with weaker governance incentives. Consistent with corporate agency theory, these...

Iran Conflict: How Long, and How Bad?

By Goldman Sachs The unprecedented US and Israeli coordinated attack on Iran has resulted in the largest energy supply disruption in history. With seemingly no end to the conflict in sight, its potential duration, impact on global energy supplies, and economic and market implications are Top of Mind. Chatham House’s Sanam Vakil and longtime US Middle East advisor Dennis Ross agree that an end to the conflict doesn’t look imminent owing to (the lack of) incentives on Iran’s side and...

March 2026

Universal Owner and Impact of Its Engagement Program: An Analysis of Engagement Records of Japan’s GPIF

By Masahiro Shibata & Kazunori Suzuki This study examines the impact of Japan’s Government Pension Investment Fund (GPIF) engagement program, leveraging a proprietary dataset of 26,792 engagements across 21 externally managed funds from fiscal years 2017 to 2022. As one of the largest universal owners globally, GPIF plays a pivotal role in influencing corporate behavior through structured engagements aimed at improving corporate governance, environmental sustainability, and financial performance. Despite growing global interest in engagement-driven stewardship, empirical evidence on its effectiveness...