June 2025

Pension funding gains, negative bond returns reshaping LDI landscape for managers

LDI managers are seeing their assets under management dip slightly as long-duration bond returns have lingered in negative territory for years, and fully funded corporate plan sponsors no longer need to add assets to their liability-hedging portfolios or are transferring assets to insurance companies. Liability-driven investing emerged as the key portfolio strategy among U.S. corporate plan sponsors who closed and/or froze their plans in the wake of the funding crisis that emerged following the dot-com recession of the early 2000s....

Trump Removed Crypto Warnings From Retirement Plans. Will That Affect 401(k)s?

In 2022, the Biden administration’s retirement plan regulators placed a warning sign on cryptocurrencies, urging plan overseers to exercise “extreme care” before making digital coins available inside 401(k) plans. “Cryptocurrencies are very different from typical retirement plan investments,” the Labor Department noted at the time, “and it can be extraordinarily difficult, even for expert investors, to evaluate these assets and separate the facts from the hype.” The Trump administration’s regulators have decided to rescind this guidance. The Labor Department, which oversees retirement...

The actual cost of worsening demographics

Some slow-burning societal issues, such as the demographic challenges facing Western economies, receive little attention from policymakers. Strategies to address demographic decline often risk upsetting most European poli­ticians, who prefer to focus on short-term issues that are more likely to affect their careers. Some may consider this a cynical perception of what is wrong in today’s democratic politics. Still, the medium- and long-term costs of ignoring the demographic time bomb are being underestimated. An ageing population and slower labour force growth...

Five trends to watch in the European pension risk transfer market

The strong momentum in the UK pension risk transfer (PRT) market is a well-known and well-developed trend. The last few years have been highly active in terms of both deal flow and new entrants as participants maintain a bullish position on the opportunity. As a provider of longevity reinsurance, we help insurers, as well as pension schemes, execute buy-ins and buyouts to manage the implications of changing life expectancies. This gives us an interesting perspective on what is taking place in the...

Milliman Pension Buyout Index May 2025

By Jake Pringle & Ryan Cook Estimated competitive retiree buyout cost, as a percentage of accounting liability, decreased by 140 bps from 102.5% to 101.1% during April As the pension risk transfer market continues to grow, it has become increasingly important for plan sponsors to monitor the annuity buyout market when considering a plan termination or de-risking strategy. Figure 1 illustrates retiree buyout costs with two different metrics: The red line represents only the most competitive insurers' rates from each month,...

PensionsEurope’s Position Paper on the European Commission’s Omnibus Simplification Proposal

By Pension Europe PensionsEurope welcomes the European Commission (EC) initiative which aims to align crucial EU legislation concerning Sustainable Finance. PensionsEurope firmly believes that the competitiveness of the EU economy is vital, it is possible to reduce the administrative burden without undermining the EU's policy objectives regarding the green transition. However, any simplification should be carefully balanced to ensure that material sustainability information on risks, opportunities, and impacts-critical to informed investor decision-making-is preserved. Accordingly, the Omnibus package should aim to streamline...

Optimal Income Redistribution

By Pavel Brendler, Eva Carceles-Poveda & Arpad Abraham We study whether a redesign of the social security and income tax-and-transfer systems can deliver significant welfare gains. Our rich quantitative model features both realistic inequality over the life-cycle and the key main channels through which redistributive policies can distort aggregate allocations. We find that there are two distinct ways to achieve significant welfare gains with joint policy reforms. The first prioritizes reducing distortions through a regressive pension system, resulting in higher...

Flexible Retirement and Optimal Taxation

By Abdoulaye Ndiaye & Zhixiu Yu Raising the retirement age is a common policy response when social security schemes face fiscal pressures. We develop and estimate a dynamic life cycle model to study optimal retirement and tax policy when individuals face health shocks and income risk and make endogenous retirement decisions. The model incorporates key features of Social Security, Medicare, income taxation, and savings incentives and distinguishes three channels through which health affects retirement: nonconvexities in labor supply due to...

The Future of Financial Inclusion: Fintech, Microfinance, and Alternative Banking Models

By Selina Zhan Financial literacy refers to the ability to make informed financial decisions through acquiring relevant knowledge and skills such as investing, budgeting, and asset management. Individual financial literacy is crucial as many governments around the world are unreliable when it comes to providing adequate and stable financial support to their civilians. Additionally, as institutions become more and more exclusive with their increasingly complex products, the need for financial literacy grows, especially as the cost of retirement rises each...

Rising Discount Rates Push Pension Risk Transfer Costs Lower in April

Offloading retiree pension risk to an insurance company became less expensive in April, according to consulting and actuary firm Milliman, which tracks the cost of de–risking pension funds with its Milliman Pension Buyout Index. The firm estimated that in a competitive bidding process, average costs of a pension risk transfer declined to 101.1% of a plan’s accounting liabilities in April from 102.5% in March. At the same time, average annuity purchase costs among all insurers in Milliman’s index decreased to...