December 2025
19Dec

Social Security Reforms and Inequality among Older Workers in Spain

By Cristina Bellés-Obrero, Manuel Flores, Pilar Garcia-Gomez, Sergi Jimenez-Martin & Judit Vall Castelló This chapter studies social security reforms and trends in inequalities among older workers over the last decades in Spain. Its main goal is to analyze the redistributive impact of the various pension reforms on older income inequality. Compared to the rules in 1985, recent pension reforms have led to an average increase on Social Security Wealth of approximately 18,000€ for men and 15,000€ for women. This represents...

December 19, 2025
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19Dec

Public pensions and family dynamics: Eldercare, child investment, and son preference in rural China

By Naijia Guo, Wei Huang & Ruixin Wang Using variations in the timing of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) across rural Chinese counties, we examine its effects on eldercare mode, child investment, and son preference. Our findings are three-fold: (1) After the introduction of NRPS, married sons are less likely to live with and provide care for their parents, while married daughters show no significant change in their caregiving behavior; (2) Parents reduce the brideprice for their sons but not the dowry...

December 19, 2025
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19Dec

Aging in Ghana: Challenges, Realities, and Struggles

In Ghana, like many countries across Africa and the world, the population of older adults is steadily increasing due to improvements in healthcare and longer life expectancy. However, growing older in Ghana brings a number of social, economic, health, and emotional challenges especially for those without formal jobs, pensions, or family support systems. Demographic and Social Changes Ghana’s elderly population (aged 60 and above) has grown significantly over past decades. Although they make up a relatively small percentage of the total...

December 19, 2025
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18Dec

8 ways countries with aging populations are reshaping the economy

Across many advanced economies, falling birth rates and rising life expectancy are reshaping labor markets, public finances, and growth assumptions faster than policymakers expected. What once unfolded over generations is now compressing into decades, leaving less time to adapt. The economic consequences are structural. Smaller working-age populations limit output and strain employers. Larger retiree populations increase spending on pensions and healthcare. Tax bases narrow just as public costs rise. These forces interact, reinforcing slower growth rather than canceling each other...

December 18, 2025
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16Dec

Ghana. Rethinking Pensioners’ Advocacy in Ghana: A New Model of SSNIT Pensioners’ Association

Ghana’s pensioner population is steadily growing. With improved life expectancy and decades of formal employment feeding into the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT), retirees today number about two hundred and fifty thousand, if not more. Yet paradoxically, this expanding demographic, arguably one of the most vulnerable and policy-affected groups remains one of the least effectively represented in national decision-making. For decades, the National Pensioners Association (NPA) has been the most visible body claiming to speak for pensioners, particularly...

December 16, 2025
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15Dec

Luxembourg’s Pension Outlook: Strong Forecasting Today, Hard Reform Choices Ahead

A study on the IMF's December 2025 Technical Assistance Report on Luxembourg's pension projections offers a detailed examination of how reliably the country has been forecasting the financial future of its public pension system. Prepared by the International Monetary Fund's Fiscal Affairs Department in cooperation with Luxembourg's General Inspectorate of Social Security (IGSS), the national statistical institute STATEC, and within the EU framework coordinated by the Ageing Working Group (AWG), the report reflects a collaborative, evidence-based effort to assess...

December 15, 2025
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10Dec

US Workforce Is Aging Fastest in These Industries

The U.S. workforce is aging, and workers who are 55 or older have been the fastest-growing age group in the labor force for more than two decades, according to new research by the U.S. Census Bureau. Those aged 55 or older made up almost a quarter (24 percent) of the U.S. workforce in 2022, which was up from 10 percent in 1994. The data also revealed which industries have greater concentrations of older workers than others. Why It Matters There is growing concern about America's...

December 10, 2025
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05Dec

Adequacy and Sustainability of Pensions

By Commission European Pensions are the main source of income for older people in Europe, coming mostly from 'pay-as-you-go' public schemes. Retired people drawing a pension are a significant and — due to demographic ageing — a growing part of the EU population (about 124 million, or a quarter of the total population1). European pension systems are facing the dual challenge of remaining financially sustainable and being able to provide Europeans with an adequate income in retirement. The key purpose of...

December 5, 2025
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05Dec

Japan’s Aging Workforce: Determinants and Outlook

By Sagiri Kitao & Nozomi Takeda This paper examines recent trends in the Japanese labor market, with a particular focus on the elderly workforce. Japan's elderly employment rates are notably high compared to other OECD countries and have increased significantly over the past two decades. To investigate the factors that affect the employment of old individuals, we develop a structural life-cycle model with consumption-saving decisions and endogenous labor supply in both intensive and extensive margins. The model is calibrated to...

December 5, 2025
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05Dec

Trump said he’s looking into an Australian-style retirement program for the U.S.

The Trump administration is looking Down Under for inspiration on how to improve the United States’ retirement savings system. President Donald Trump on Tuesday said at the White House that his administration is looking into an Australian-style retirement program. “We’re looking at it very seriously,” Trump said. “It’s a good plan. It’s worked out very well.” Australia’s primary retirement savings program — known as “superannuation” — might have caught the attention of Washington officials. How superannuation works Superannuation, or “super” for short, is Australia’s...

December 5, 2025
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