August 2025

China Is Trying to Expand Its Social Safety Net. Yet Many Chinese Are Worried.

As of Sept. 1, all employers in China must contribute to benefits for their employees, to support their pensions, medical care, maternity leave and more. That should come as good news to many ordinary Chinese, given how threadbare China’s social safety net has been. But rather than celebrating, many in China have reacted with worry and frustration. Small business owners have said that their labor costs will skyrocket. Workers have speculated that their bosses will lay them off or lower their...

Roughly 60% of employees in Romania worried about job stability until retirement, report shows

The most recent study conducted by Raiffeisen Bank in partnership with Appinio shows that 6 out of 10 Romanian employees are worried about job stability until retirement, with concern being higher among women and people over 40 years old. The labor market in Romania remains one where age can be both an advantage and an obstacle. Many employees feel the effect of age on employment opportunities. The risk of being dismissed for this reason is mentioned by 2 out of...

Turkey is heading towards a demographic shift. An aging society versus the lowest number of children

The latest data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜIK) reveals a striking demographic shift in the country, as the number of children declines to unprecedented levels alongside a noticeable increase in the elderly population, raising concerns about the future of demographic balance. The figures show that the number of children under the age of four has decreased this year to about 4.9 million children only, the lowest number recorded in Turkey's history. In contrast, the number of those over the...

China. Will retirees be job market winners as China targets social insurance dodgers?

Increased scrutiny of businesses in China that evade their social insurance obligations looks set to further boost the employment of retirees, prompting widespread concerns as a record number of university graduates tries to find work. It all came to a head recently when recruitment notices put out by the McDonald’s fast food chain, which has been employing retirees for years, sparked an emotional response on Chinese social media platforms. “The logic behind it is simple – hiring retirees means companies don’t...

Retirement with dignity? The debate on active ageing in Europe

With an ageing population and increased life expectancy, Europe faces a very concrete challenge: how to fund its pension systems. Earlier this year in Brussels, pensioners took to the streets to demand better job security and to oppose the raising of the retirement age. In Europe, some are advocating lowering the retirement age as a way to improve workers' quality of life and to encourage generational turnover in the workforce. Others argue that this would jeopardise the sustainability of pension systems,...

Retirement with dignity? The debate on active ageing in Europe

With an ageing population and increased life expectancy, Europe faces a very concrete challenge: how to fund its pension systems. Earlier this year in Brussels, pensioners took to the streets to demand better job security and to oppose the raising of the retirement age. In Europe, some are advocating lowering the retirement age as a way to improve workers' quality of life and to encourage generational turnover in the workforce. Others argue that this would jeopardise the sustainability of pension systems,...

Rejuvenating Economics: Subjective Age’s Influence on Work-Life Balance

By Andre Briviba, Valentin Schnellmann & Bruno S. Frey Chronological age is a key indicator in economics, determining policy decisions such as the retirement age and the minimum voting age. The concept of subjective age, extensively studied by gerontologists and psychologists, may be particularly relevant to economic decision-making. Using panel data from German adults aged 40–65 and individual fixed-effects estimations, we investigate the effect of subjective age on work and life satisfaction. Furthermore, we estimate the impact of subjective age...

July 2025

Mexico’s Informal Employment Crisis Deepens as 850,000 New Jobs Lack Contracts

Mexico’s labor market delivered seemingly positive news in early 2025: a surge of approximately 850,000 new jobs created in the first half of the year. Yet, beneath this headline figure lies a deepening crisis of Mexico informal employment. New data from Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI, July 2025) reveals that nearly all these new positions lack formal contracts, social security, or legal protections, pushing the country’s informal workforce to a record high of 54.9%. This precarious...

The Gig Economy’s Unstoppable Rise: How Freelancing is Reshaping Global Markets and Investment Strategies in 2025

The freelance workforce has become a cornerstone of economic resilience, with 1.57 billion independent contractors now representing 46.7% of the global labor force in 2025. This shift, driven by technological innovation and a generational redefinition of work, is not merely a trend but a structural transformation. For investors, the gig economy's rapid growth—projected to expand from $8.39 billion in 2025 to $16.89 billion by 2029 at a 19.1% annual growth rate—presents a compelling case for strategic allocation. The Forces Behind...

Global Aging and Growth: Is There a Silver Dividend?

By Donghyun Park & Kwanho Shin Despite concerns about the economic impact of population aging, this study highlights the potential for a 'silver dividend' as longer lifespans extend working lives. We show that the effects of aging on growth are highly nonlinear and concentrated in more advanced, older economies. Labor shortages are often offset by rising labor force participation, particularly in countries with higher life expectancy, stronger human capital, and greater trade openness. Larger governments, measured by consumption, appear to...