April 2026

2024 Sustainability Investment Report

By Government Pension Investment Fund  The Government Pension Investment Fund, Japan (GPIF) has published the "2024 Sustainability Investment Report" as a way of reporting on GPIF's sustainability-related initiative, including Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), and the effects thereof to all pension beneficiaries and other stakeholders. In the "2024 Sustainability Investment Report," in addition to presenting the initiatives on sustainability investment undertaken during the year and the ESG evaluation of the portfolio, we also conducted the "Analysis of the Exercise of...

Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier in Contemporary Conflicts: Pathways, Evidence, and Legal-Policy Responses

By Hope Tendo This paper examines climate change as a “threat multiplier” in contemporary conflicts by analysing its causal pathways, empirical support, and the legal-policy responses required to mitigate associated security risks. It argues that climate change rarely operates as a direct driver of violence but instead intensifies existing socio-economic, political, and institutional vulnerabilities. The study evaluates scholarly and policy literature demonstrating that climatic stress interacts with fragile governance, contested land and resource tenure, livelihood insecurity, migration pressures, and state...

Large Language Models in Financial Decision-Making: A Methodological Framework for Evaluating AI Trading Strategies

By Theo Nicolas Sitjar Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new possibilities for financial decision-making, but evaluating their effectiveness in trading requires systematic approaches. This paper describes a practical framework for assessing LLM performance in stock market scenarios. Our method follows a 5-step process: data preparation, prompt engineering, LLM inference, backtesting, and statistical analysis. We include memory mechanisms and standard risk metrics to evaluate trading strategies comprehensively. Through testing against fifteen traditional quantitative baseline strategies, we examine both the potential benefits...

Gig Workers And Labour Law In India: Analysing The Legal Vacuum Under The Code On Social Security 2020

By Anshita Jain The rise of the gig economy in India has transformed traditional employment structures while exposing significant gaps in labour law protections. This paper analyses the legal status of gig and platform workers under the Code on Social Security, 2020, highlighting the challenges of worker classification and limited social security coverage. It argues that despite formal recognition, the absence of enforceable rights and clear accountability mechanisms leaves gig workers vulnerable. The paper concludes by suggesting the need for...

March 2026

Informe sobre auditorías a pensiones no contributivas por discapacidad

Por Sebastián E. Tedeschi & Alejo Joaquín Giles Desde principios de 2025, la Agencia Nacional de Discapacidad (ANDIS) está realizando una serie de auditorías sobre las pensiones no contributivas por discapacidad ya otorgadas. En ese marco, el Programa de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de la Defensoría General de la Nación presentó un pedido de información ante la Agencia. A partir de la respuesta del organismo, el Programa elaboró este informe que reconstruye los antecedentes principales y detalla algunas cuestiones...

XXI Banorte. Reporte de Riesgos y Oportunidades Climáticas 2025

Por XXI Banorte  Este Reporte detalla los resultados del análisis de riesgos y oportunidades en materia de Cambio Climático de Afore XXI Banorte, incluyendo información sobre la gobernanza, la estrategia sobre las operaciones de la enfidad Administradora y el portafolio inversión, los avances en la implementación de nuestra estrategia climática y la senda de descarbonización bajo objetivos basados en ciencia, establecidos para alcanzar las emisiones cero, asi como un desglose de los resultados de desempeño alcanzados en el ejercicio fiscal...

Venezuela frente al Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 1. Fin de la Pobreza avances y desafíos

Por Xavier Valente & Ligmar Altamar Venezuela está enfrentado una crisis humanitaria que ha exacerbado significativamente la pobreza y la desigualdad. Este ensayo examina el impacto de la crisis en el progreso de Venezuela hacia el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 1: Fin de la pobreza. Utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) y la Red de Soluciones para el Desarrollo Sostenible, se analizan las tendencias de la pobreza, se identifican desafíos clave y se describe la efectividad de...

Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis: Pensiones en México 2021-2024

Por José Antonio Villalobos López Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis sobre las tasas de reemplazo (TR) en los sistemas de pensiones y jubilaciones en México, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2021 y mayo de 2024. Se aplicó la metodología PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), mediante la cual se analizaron 75 do-cumentos académicos, de los cuales 29 (38.7% del total) abordan explícitamente el tema de la TR. El análisis estadístico...

War and Pensions: The Effects of War on Social Security and Pensions Around the World

By John A. Turner, David Rajnes, Gerard Hughes & Maher Michelle War has affected the development of social security and employer-provided pensions. Roman soldiers received the first pensions. In most countries, military pensions preceded social security pensions, providing countries experience with the concept and administration of pensions. War or the threat of war affected the development of the two major branches of social insurance-based pensions—Bismarckian (earnings related pensions developed in Germany) and Beveridgian (pensions tied to years of work developed...

Mexico, how are we doing on retirement savings?

By México, ¿cómo vamos? Mexico is a country where half of the population is under 35 years old, 8 out of 10 people use the internet, and almost all of them connect through their cell phones. It's no surprise that the use of digital accounts has tripled in the last three years, opening up unprecedented potential for savings within the financial system. However, 54-5% of the employed population works in the informal sector, without access to social security or automatic...