December 2025

State of OECD Pension Funds’ Climate Transition: Insights and recommendations from the Net Zero Finance Tracker

By Frederick Fabian, Claris Parenti, Maddy Taylor & Valerio Micale Unlike other institutional investors, which often focus on short-term performance, pension providers have a fiduciary duty to address long-term systemic issues and act in their beneficiaries’ best interests. In many jurisdictions, this obligation includes setting credible climate targets, implementing internal changes to strategy, governance, and process, and actively supporting the decarbonization of the real economy. Pension funds’ role in financing the climate transition is drawing sharper focus as the limits of...

Heterogeneous Institutional Investor Response to Firm Environmental Regulatory Risk

By Chunxiao Lu, Yuyang Zhang & Linxiang Ma This paper investigates whether institutional investors incorporate firm-level environmental regulatory risk into their portfolio decisions. We document substantial heterogeneity across investor types in their responses to changes in firm-level environmental regulatory risk. Long-horizon investors, such as banks, insurance companies, and pension funds, tend to tilt their portfolios toward stocks with higher environmental regulatory risk. In contrast, short-horizon investors, including investment advisors and mutual funds, reduce their holdings of these firms. These opposing...

Social Security Reforms and Inequality among Older Workers in Spain

By Cristina Bellés-Obrero, Manuel Flores, Pilar Garcia-Gomez, Sergi Jimenez-Martin & Judit Vall Castelló This chapter studies social security reforms and trends in inequalities among older workers over the last decades in Spain. Its main goal is to analyze the redistributive impact of the various pension reforms on older income inequality. Compared to the rules in 1985, recent pension reforms have led to an average increase on Social Security Wealth of approximately 18,000€ for men and 15,000€ for women. This represents...

Public pensions and family dynamics: Eldercare, child investment, and son preference in rural China

By Naijia Guo, Wei Huang & Ruixin Wang Using variations in the timing of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) across rural Chinese counties, we examine its effects on eldercare mode, child investment, and son preference. Our findings are three-fold: (1) After the introduction of NRPS, married sons are less likely to live with and provide care for their parents, while married daughters show no significant change in their caregiving behavior; (2) Parents reduce the brideprice for their sons but not the dowry...

European Financial Ecosystems. Comparing France, Sweden, UK and Italy.

By Stefano Caselli & Marta Zava The study examines the structure, functioning, and strategic implications of financial ecosystems across four European countries-France, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Italy-to identify institutional best practices relevant to the ongoing transformation of Italy's financial system. Building on a comparative analysis of legislation and regulation, taxation, investor bases, and financial intermediation, the report highlights how distinct historical and institutional trajectories have shaped divergent models: the French dirigiste system anchored by powerful state-backed institutions and deep...

Labor Supply and Savings Responses to Increasing the Pension Eligibility Age in South Korea

By Janghyeok An, Devon Gorry & Jonathan M. Leganza We study how South Koreans responded to an increase in the full pension eligibility age. Using a regression discontinuity design, we document the causal effects of the change on several potential margins of adjustment. We find clear evidence of delayed benefit claiming, consistent with studies in other settings. However, we find little to no statistical evidence of changes in labor supply, in contrast with previous literature. We also find no changes...

Ampliar la protección social y combatir la informalidad en América Latina

Por OCDE La informalidad es uno de los desafíos más persistentes de América Latina, que marca la vida de millones de personas. Casi la mitad de la fuerza laboral de la región trabaja fuera de los esquemas formales, sin contratos seguros, ingresos estables o acceso a la protección social. La pandemia de la COVID-19, expuso con claridad estas vulnerabilidades: mientras que los empleados formales conservaron cierta cobertura, los informales estuvieron entre los más afectados por la pérdida de empleos, la...

Informe Mundial sobre la Protección Social 2024-2026: Informe regional complementario para América Latina y el Caribe

Por Organización Internacional del Trabajo Este informe presenta los avances y las dificultades que experimenta la política de protección social en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Rescata los mensajes más importantes del Informe Mundial, con especial referencia a la situación de la región, para luego poner el acento sobre las temáticas más relevantes para avanzar en sistemas de protección social universal, suficientes, integrales y sostenibles que estén adaptados a la evolución del mundo del trabajo de los...

El ahorro voluntario: una oportunidad creciente para mejorar las pensiones en América Latina

Por Valora Analitik  América Latina vive una transformación demográfica acelerada. La región envejece, pero también avanza hacia una conciencia creciente sobre la importancia de planear financieramente la vejez. En ese escenario, el ahorro voluntario emerge como un complemento al sistema obligatorio y como un catalizador para construir bienestar a largo plazo. Según la Federación Internacional de Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (FIAP), la tasa de reemplazo promedio en la región oscila entre el 30% y el 50%. Si bien esto pone...

Retos del sistema de pensiones en el siglo XXI

Por Javier Paitán Martínez En un mundo de cambios acelerados, la seguridad social enfrenta retos y desafíos trascendentales en este siglo. Entre otros, el envejecimiento poblacional, la informalidad laboral y el trabajo en plataformas digitales, fuerzan a millones de personas a vivir en un constante estado de incertidumbre e inseguridad social. En el presente trabajo, se pretende evaluar si es que el sistema de pensiones de Perú está a la altura de afrontar dichos fenómenos sociales y globales, para brindar...