December 2025

Adequacy and Sustainability of Pensions

By Commission European Pensions are the main source of income for older people in Europe, coming mostly from 'pay-as-you-go' public schemes. Retired people drawing a pension are a significant and — due to demographic ageing — a growing part of the EU population (about 124 million, or a quarter of the total population1). European pension systems are facing the dual challenge of remaining financially sustainable and being able to provide Europeans with an adequate income in retirement. The key purpose of...

The working life course of aging LGBTQ workers: An intersectional perspective and a theoretical framework

By Raphael Epper-Hattab & Bryndís D Steindórsdóttir  Aging LGBTQ workers represent a unique and diverse population of workers who have struggled with homophobic and transphobic social constructions and a prolonged invalidation of their identities, stemming from periods when social exclusion and discrimination dominated their lives. These challenges have imposed multifaceted marginalization not only on their life patterns but also on their occupational trajectories and interpersonal relationships at work. Against this backdrop, drawing attention to characteristics of the occupational careers of...

Japan’s Aging Workforce: Determinants and Outlook

By Sagiri Kitao & Nozomi Takeda This paper examines recent trends in the Japanese labor market, with a particular focus on the elderly workforce. Japan's elderly employment rates are notably high compared to other OECD countries and have increased significantly over the past two decades. To investigate the factors that affect the employment of old individuals, we develop a structural life-cycle model with consumption-saving decisions and endogenous labor supply in both intensive and extensive margins. The model is calibrated to...

Panorama Social de América Latina y el Caribe, 2025: cómo salir de la trampa de alta desigualdad, baja movilidad social y débil cohesión social

Por CEPAL El Panorama Social de América Latina y el Caribe 2025 analiza la trampa de alta desigualdad, baja movilidad social y débil cohesión social que perpetúa la crisis de desarrollo en la región. La desigualdad es un fenómeno histórico, estructural y multidimensional que requiere una medición adecuada para diseñar políticas integrales que aborden sus múltiples causas. Superar la desigualdad implica enfrentar de forma integral las desigualdades causadas por las debilidades de los sistemas educativos y fortalecer el papel de...

November 2025

PPI Digest: Autumn Budget 2025

By Pensions Policy Institute Clearly, very difficult choices have had to be made in the Budget today. It was always unlikely that pensions would escape completely from this, even though both the Pensions Schemes Bill and the new Pensions Commission are seeking ways to increase the amount of money that future generations will have to support themselves in retirement. The introduction of a contributions cap of £2,000 on salary sacrificed pension contributions from 2029 will not affect many of those who...

Pensions at a Glance 2025: OECD and G20 Indicators

By Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development The 2025 edition of Pensions at a Glance highlights the pension reforms undertaken by OECD countries over the last two years. It includes a special chapter focusing on pension differences between men and women. It shows recent and projected trends in the pensions of women relative to those of men in OECD countries, analyses the key drivers of the gender pension gap, and reviews the pension rules that directly or indirectly affect gender disparities in...

The Cost of Waiting for Nationality: Impact on Immigrant’s Labor Market Outcomes in Spain

By Yanina Domenella In this paper, I examine the impact of administrative delays in obtaining Spanish nationality on the long-term labor market outcomes of legal immigrants. Using Social Security data from 2006 to 2019 and an instrumental variable strategy, I find that longer delays in nationality acquisition result in significantly lower accumulated earnings over a ten-year period, driven by both lower wages and fewer days worked. Specifically, one additional year of delay reduces accumulated earnings over 10 years by 3.8...

Los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los fondos de pensiones en Colombia

Por Luisa Fernanda Quinchía López El panorama de la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de los fondos de pensiones en Colombia es preocupante y es necesario una reforma pensional desde hace varios años. Es así como nos planteamos como objetivo, dar una mirada y análisis de los cambios, propuestas, resultados y conversaciones que se vayan teniendo en el país respecto a los fondos de pensiones y los retos a los que se están enfrentando y cómo se deben preparar para el...

Envejecimiento y crecimiento económico: métricas alternativas, migraciones e innovación para una lectura transversal

Por Fernando Ariel Manzano Se analiza el impacto económico del envejecimiento desde un enfoque transversal que inte-gra mercado laboral, productividad, innovación tecnológica, sostenibilidad fiscal y migraciones. Se parte de que las métricas clásicas resultan insuficientes para captar la heterogeneidad del proceso, por lo que se incorporan medidas alternativas como edad prospectiva y años de vida restantes, con el fin de refinar la lectura económica de la longevidad. El objetivo es examinar si una mayor proporción de personas mayores puede restringir...

Envejecimiento poblacional mundial: debate global y análisis del caso argentino

Por Solange Castañeda & Julián Bilmes  El envejecimiento poblacional dejó de ser un fenómeno del futuro para convertirse en un desafío actual, especialmente en países desarrollados y emergentes. Mientras el Norte Global redefine sus sistemas previsionales y enfrenta protestas sociales, como en el caso de Francia, el Sur Global lidia con la imposibilidad de garantizar una vejez digna y mantener estructuras económicas sostenibles. El tema gana protagonismo en la agenda global, aludiendo a riesgos para la seguridad nacional y la...