March 2026
06Mar

Closing the gender income gap: from paycheck to pension

By Allianz Research Women have made measurable progress over recent decades in narrowing gender pay gaps and increasing labor-force participation – but structural gaps persist. Across the OECD, the unadjusted gender pay gap – the percentage difference between the average earnings of all men and all women without accounting for differences in job type, hours worked, experience or seniority – has declined from 21% in the early 2000s to 13.7% in 2024, and female labor-force participation has risen steadily to 71%, compared with 81% of men. However, single metrics do not capture the full economic impact...

March 6, 2026
Books, Books, Labor Market, Reports, , , ,
Read more...
06Mar

The Impact of Pension System Reforms on Elderly Labor Force Participation: A Comparative Study of Germany, the United States, and Brazil

By Amos Kupaza Objective: This study provides the first harmonized, micro‑level comparative analysis of pension reform effects on elderly labor force participation in three paradigmatic welfare regimes: Germany (coordinated market economy, conservative‑corporatist welfare), the United States (liberal market economy, liberal welfare), and Brazil (dualistic economy, conservative‑informal welfare). We test the institutional mediation hypothesis: that reform effects are systematically shaped by labor market structures, social protection arrangements, and production regimes. Methods: We employ harmonized microdata from IPUMS-CPS (USA) and IPUMS-International (Germany, Brazil) , comprising 495,000 person‑year observations spanning 2000–2023....

March 6, 2026
Articles, Labor Market, , , , , , ,
Read more...

February 2026
20Feb

How Incentives Can Boost Pensions for Informal Sector Workers

By Coller Pensions Institute his summary report offers a snapshot of the findings in the full paper: ‘How incentives can boost pensions for informal workers’ - prepared by the Coller Pensions Institute and D3P Global. It highlights the financial and demographic factors driving the urgent need for policymakers to increase the participation rates of informal workers in pension systems, and summarises key findings from the full paper’s review of pension programmes targeting informal sector workers in 11 emerging markets and...

February 20, 2026
Books, Books, Labor Market, Reports, ,
Read more...
20Feb

Impact of iImmigration on the Japanese Economy: A Multi-Country Simulation Model

By Manabu Shimasawa To quantify the impacts of immigration and fiscal reconstruction on the Japanese economy, we present a dynamic computable general equilibrium OLG model with an overlapping generations structure. We use a total of 16 countries and regions, both including those that are industrialized, such as Japan, the US, and the EU, and developing countries, such as China, Brazil, the Philippines, and Peru. Our simulation results show that a permanent immigration flows of 150,000 will improve the Japanese economy and...

February 20, 2026
Articles, Labor Market, , ,
Read more...
06Feb

OECD Employment Outlook 2025. Can We Get Through the Demographic Crunch?

By OECD The OECD Employment Outlook looks at the latest labour market developments and prospects in OECD member countries. This edition also discusses the enormous challenges population ageing poses to living standards and social cohesion more generally. The consequences of an ageing workforce for productivity growth are also analysed. Without swift changes in policies and behaviours, GDP per capita growth will slow down significantly in most OECD countries. Integrating under-represented groups in the labour market will help offset ageing, in particular older...

February 6, 2026
Books, Books, Labor Market, Reports, , ,
Read more...

January 2026
16Jan

Bridging Skill Gaps for the Future: New Jobs Creation in the AI Age

By Florence Jaumotte, Jaden Kim, David Koll, Elmer Z. Li, Longji Li, Giovanni Melina, Alina Song & Marina M. Tavares The demand and supply of new skills—especially in IT and AI—are reshaping labor markets, impacting wages and hiring. About 1 in 10 job vacancies in advanced economies demands at least one new skill, often appearing first in the United States. The incidence is about half of that in emerging market economies. These skills boost average wages and employment but deepen...

January 16, 2026
Books, Books, Labor Market, Reports, ,
Read more...
09Jan

When digital platforms enter informal sectors: work formalization and institutional change

By Isam Faik, Michelle Gwee, Felix Ter Chain Tan, Carmen Leong & Fithra Faisal Hastiadi Digital platforms are undermining long-standing formal institutions for the organization of work. However, when they enter informal sectors, they contribute to the opposite effect by increasing the formalization of work activities. In this study, we investigate this hitherto unexamined phenomenon by drawing on a case study of Gojek, one of the largest digital platforms in Southeast Asia. We identify three main mechanisms through which the...

January 9, 2026
Articles, Labor Market,
Read more...
09Jan

Access to Pensions, Old-Age Support, and Child Investment in China

By Xiaoyue Shan & Albert Park This work studies how access to public pensions affects old-age support and child investment in traditional societies. Guided by predictions from an overlapping generations model, we analyze the influences of a new pension program in rural China, using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that the program crowds out transfers from working-age adults, especially men, to their elderly parents. Interestingly, the impact on child investment significantly differs by child gender. While adult parents increase educational investment...

January 9, 2026
Articles, Labor Market, , ,
Read more...

December 2025
19Dec

Social Security Reforms and Inequality among Older Workers in Spain

By Cristina Bellés-Obrero, Manuel Flores, Pilar Garcia-Gomez, Sergi Jimenez-Martin & Judit Vall Castelló This chapter studies social security reforms and trends in inequalities among older workers over the last decades in Spain. Its main goal is to analyze the redistributive impact of the various pension reforms on older income inequality. Compared to the rules in 1985, recent pension reforms have led to an average increase on Social Security Wealth of approximately 18,000€ for men and 15,000€ for women. This represents...

December 19, 2025
Articles, Labor Market, , , , , ,
Read more...
19Dec

Public pensions and family dynamics: Eldercare, child investment, and son preference in rural China

By Naijia Guo, Wei Huang & Ruixin Wang Using variations in the timing of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) across rural Chinese counties, we examine its effects on eldercare mode, child investment, and son preference. Our findings are three-fold: (1) After the introduction of NRPS, married sons are less likely to live with and provide care for their parents, while married daughters show no significant change in their caregiving behavior; (2) Parents reduce the brideprice for their sons but not the dowry...

December 19, 2025
Aging, Articles, Labor Market, , ,
Read more...